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Thread: Malaria, typhoid, West Nile & other tropical diseases

  1. #11
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    Europe malaria-free...

    WHO: European Region World’s First Malaria-Free
    April 20, 2016 : From 1995 to 2015, number of so-called indigenous or locally transmitted malaria cases in region dropped from 90,712 to zero
    In 2015, for the first time, all the countries in the European region reported no original cases of malaria, the World Health Organization (WHO) said in its annual report released Wednesday ahead of World Malaria Day 2016 on April 25. From 1995 to 2015, the number of so-called indigenous or locally transmitted malaria cases dropped from 90,712 to zero in Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, which constitute the WHO’s European region.

    In 2015, there were an estimated 438,000 malaria deaths worldwide, according to the WHO, most of them in the African Region (90 percent), followed by the South-East Asia Region (7 percent) and the Eastern Mediterranean Region (2 percent).


    An Anopheles stephensi mosquito obtains a blood meal from a human host through its pointed proboscis

    Case importation risk

    The WHO recognizes however, that the European region remains prone of a reappearance of the disease due to importation of cases from areas of the world where malaria is endemic. Dr. Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, said that “until malaria is eradicated globally, people travelling to and from malaria-endemic countries can import the disease to Europe, and we have to keep up the good work to prevent its reintroduction".

    Maintaining zero cases in the European Region will require sustained political commitment, resources and constant vigilance, the WHO said. The region was last declared malaria free in 1975.

    http://www.voanews.com/content/europ...e/3293908.html

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    Malaria free in 4 years?...

    Report: Six African Nations Could be Malaria-free by 2020
    April 25, 2016 - Within the next four years, six nations in Africa – the region where malaria is most prominent – could be free of the disease, the World Health Organization said in a report published Monday to mark World Malaria Day.
    The “Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030”, approved by the WHO last year, hoped to see an end to local transmission of malaria in at least 10 countries by 2020, but now the WHO estimates that 21 countries could achieve that goal, including six in Africa. “Since the year 2000, malaria mortality rates have declined by 60% globally. In the WHO African Region, malaria mortality rates fell by 66% among all age groups and by 71% among children under 5 years,” the WHO said in a statement accompanying the report. The six countries in Africa that could be rid of malaria by 2020 are Algeria, Botswana, Cape Verde, Comoros, South Africa and Swaziland.


    A doctor puts a heart monitor on the foot of a baby who is suffering from severe malaria in the Siaya hospital in western Kenya.

    WHO says malaria infection rates are falling thanks to the use of insecticide-treated bed-nets, regular bug spraying inside dwellings and rapid diagnostic testing, though these techniques are becoming less effective as time goes on. “The efficacy of the tools that secured the gains against malaria in the early years of this century is now threatened,” the WHO said. “Mosquito resistance to insecticides used in nets and indoor residual spraying is growing. So too is parasite resistance to a component of one of the most powerful antimalarial medicines.” While the outlook is promising, the group cautioned that nearly half of the world’s population – around 3.2 billion people – are still at risk of contracting malaria. Just last year, 214 million new cases of malaria were reported in 95 countries. More than 400,000 people died from the disease.


    Algeria, Botswana, Cape Verde, Comoros, South Africa, and Swaziland, in Africa

    The report says 9 out of ten deaths from malaria in 2015 came from sub-Saharan Africa. Moving forward, the WHO said new technologies will need to be developed to deal with the disease and the fight will require strong political commitment and financing from governments. “Reaching the goals of the ‘Global Technical Strategy’ will require a steep increase in global and domestic funding—from $2.5 billion today to an estimated $8.7 billion annually by 2030,” it said.

    http://www.voanews.com/content/repor...0/3301183.html

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    Yellow Fever outbreak in Angola...

    WHO Issues Yellow Fever Warning As Deadly Outbreak Grows
    Wednesday 27th April, 2016 - At least 258 people have been killed by the disease.
    Amid rising concern over a deadly outbreak of yellow fever spreading from Angola, the World Health Organization on Tuesday urged travelers to the African country to heed its warnings and get vaccinated. At least 258 people have been killed and there have been around 1,975 suspected cases of the mosquito-borne disease since an epidemic erupted in December 2015. It has already grown to become the worst outbreak in decades. Yellow fever is transmitted by the same mosquitoes that spread the Zika and dengue viruses, although it is a far more serious disease with death rates as high as 75 percent in severe cases requiring admission to hospital.

    Angola's outbreak has already spread to other countries in Africa, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and at least 11 cases of yellow fever have been imported into China in people traveling from Angola. "Cases of yellow fever linked to this outbreak have been detected in other countries of Africa and Asia," WHO director-general Margaret Chan said in a statement. "We are particularly concerned that large urban areas are at risk and we strongly urge all travelers to Angola to ensure they are vaccinated against yellow fever and carry a valid certificate."


    High-rise buildings are seen behind informal settlements in Luanda, Angola, where a yellow fever outbreak has health experts worried

    The WHO's regional office for Africa said last week that yellow fever in people who traveled from Angola has been reported in China (11 cases), DRC (10 cases with 1 in Kinshasa) and Kenya (2 cases). It said three further cases have been reported in Uganda, but these patients had no history of travel to Angola. The WHO "is working with neighboring countries such as the DRC, Namibia and Zambia to bolster cross-border surveillance with Angola and information sharing to prevent and reduce the spread of infection", it said.

    Jack Woodall, a yellow fever expert who formerly worked for the WHO and the U.S. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, said he is worried the outbreak could spread rapidly along a major trucking route from DRC to Uganda's capital Kampala."Surveillance of this trade route should be intensified and vaccination of people living along it should be top priority," he said. A spokesman for the WHO in Geneva said a nationwide vaccination program that began in Angola in February has reached 7 million people. But experts are warning the world's stocks of yellow fever vaccines are under sever pressure form the outbreak, with some calling for a radical switch in strategy to use a tenth of the normal dose and aim to cover more people.

    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/...m_hp_ref=world

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    Malaria outbreak in Colombia linked to illegal mining...

    Colombia’s illegal mining linked to malaria outbreak
    Sun, May 01, 2016 - PERFECT BREEDING GROUNDS: There have been 18,524 cases of malaria, compared with 4,740 a year earlier, which is being blamed on standing water from illegal mines
    Colombia’s widespread illegal mining is blamed for causing environmental damage and holding workers in slave-like conditions — and now is also being blamed for a malaria outbreak. Critics point to stagnant water buildups at the clandestine sites and poor sanitary conditions at the workers’ camps for an increase in mosquitoes spreading the disease, which has quadrupled in jungle regions of the hard-hit and impoverished western department of Choco. “The country had more or less controlled its malaria problem... The death rate had dropped significantly,” Colombian Minister of Health Alejandro Gaviria said this week. “But because of illegal mining ... we’ve had hotspots since last year and especially this year.”


    A miner stands at an entrance of an unlicensed gold mine in San Antonio village, in a mountainous area near the municipality of Buritica in northwestern Antioquia Department, Colombia

    Speaking on RCN radio, Gaviria said that malaria was especially on the rise in Choco — which stretches from the border with Panama along a stretch of Colombia’s Pacific coastline — as well as the Bajo Cauca area to the east. The Colombian National Health Institute counted 18,524 malaria cases and about 300 cases of the disease’s more severe strain. A year earlier, only 4,740 cases of malaria were recorded. However, outbreaks of malaria due to clandestine mining are not new. “Population displacement linked to the exploitation of gold mines [and resulting deforestation] has previously created isolated epidemics of malaria” in Latin America, the health institute said. Mining is a major source of revenue for Colombia.

    In 2012, the last year for which official figures are available, legal mining accounted for 2.3 percent of GDP, or US$8.5 billion. However, authorities say that more than half of Colombia’s mining sites are illegal. In these illegal mines, which help finance illegal armed groups, “excavators dig huge holes where water accumulates, perfect breeding grounds for malaria-carrying mosquitoes,” University of Antioquia researcher Ivan Dario Velez said. And the sites where the miners set up camp “usually lack public utilities and have very poor hygiene conditions, which encourages the spread of mosquito and thus the disease,” he said. Malaria symptoms include feverish headaches, chills, fatigue, nausea and vomiting.

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    Nigeria to use new malaria test...

    New Urine Test Offers Quick, Painless Check for Malaria
    May 03, 2016 - The Nigerian government is encouraging use of a new home test kit to diagnose malaria, in hopes that citizens don't assume they have the disease and self-medicate every time they have a fever.
    The simple urine test kit, containing five test strips, is available at a Nigerian pharmacy for $12. After urine is collected in the cup, the user dips a test stick in the sample and leaves it for 25 minutes. One line on the stick means the person doesn't have malaria. Two lines indicates infection from the mosquito-borne illness.

    The test kit replaces painful blood tests. "I think that is revolutionary,” said shopper Ezzine Anyanwu, explaining that many of her family members “don't necessarily take care of themselves well, so whenever anything is wrong [they assume] it is malaria … and so they take medications."

    Malaria is endemic in many countries, including Nigeria, and there are an estimated 425 million cases worldwide. The disease kills more than 400,000 people a year. Prompt diagnosis is considered key for successful treatment.

    The urine test was developed by Fyodor BioTechnology, an American company, and underwent trials in Nigeria. "Malaria elimination in Nigeria is overdue,” said Victoria Enwenmadu of Fyodor Biotechnology. “A lot of countries have succeeded in eliminating malaria … and the Federal Ministry of Health is doing a lot of work to encourage proper care. So, I think what we bring to the table also adds value to malaria elimination. One aspect is to test before you treat." Fyodor BioTechnology hopes to make the test available throughout Africa and Asia.

    http://www.voanews.com/content/new-u...k/3314026.html

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    Malaria drugs have some bad side effects, so this is good.
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    Global Shortage of Yellow Fever Vaccine...

    What is Behind the Global Shortage in Yellow Fever Vaccine?
    May 05, 2016 — Globally, around 80 million doses of yellow fever vaccine are made each year; manufacturers say it can be hard to predict how much vaccine will be needed and that they can't afford to over produce
    Angola is battling a yellow fever outbreak amid a global shortage of the vaccine. Cases have also been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Uganda and China. Health experts worry about further spread. There is no treatment. Mass immunization is the only way to stop yellow fever, but producing more of the vaccine is not easy.

    Making of a vaccine

    The Institut Pasteur de Dakar is one of four places in the world that make the yellow fever vaccine. Recording is prohibited inside the institute, but there is nothing to hear. The halls are quiet. Two walls of windows separate us from the sterile labs where technicians work in head-to-toe protective gear. Each week, a carton of special, pathogen-free chicken eggs arrives from Germany. Technicians inject the embryos, one by one, with the live virus. That’s a first step. What follows is weeks of extraction, mixing, incubation and safety checks. It can take up to six months to produce a batch of usable vaccine. Globally, around 80 million doses of yellow fever vaccine are made each year. The Institut Pasteur can produce up to 10 million doses.

    Meeting global needs

    Antoine Marie Diatta is the quality control manager for yellow fever vaccine production at the institute. He said unfortunately our production capacity can’t always meet the global needs. It’s the same for other manufacturers, he said. This can be a problem when there is an epidemic, he said, because then there is an immediate need to vaccinate a large number of people. It can be hard to predict how much vaccine will be needed. Yellow fever vaccines can be stored for up to three years, but manufacturers can't afford to over produce, as Diatta explained. He said money is invested to make each batch of vaccine and you must wait for your return. It’s not easy. He said while you wait to sell, you still need to pay salaries and update equipment, but your money is tied up. Yellow fever is endemic to 34 countries in Africa. It is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. A single dose of the vaccine can protect you for life.


    Adam Abdalah (L), a farmer from West Darfur's Adar, accompanies his son Yassim Adam who is being treated for yellow fever at the Teaching Hospital in El Geneina

    UNICEF’s chief of child survival and development in Angola, Samson Agbo, said 80 percent of people living in high-risk areas need to be vaccinated to prevent an epidemic. In many parts of Africa, immunization rates are below 60 percent. “The high-risk countries are known. Ideally, those high-risk countries should have a very strong immunization programs, which means you are reaching every child," said Agbo. "We need to invest more if we want to prevent occurrences like this, this kind of outbreak.” Nearly 2,000 cases have been reported in Angola since the outbreak began in October 2015. A mass vaccination campaign was launched in February, using 6 million doses from emergency stockpiles.

    Averting an outbreak

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    Granny says, "Dat's right - wash with Faso Soap an' wash dem skeeters away...

    Mosquito-repellent Soap Invention Seeks to Fight Malaria in Africa
    May 12, 2016 — Two former students from Burkina Faso have designed a mosquito-repellent soap, which they hope could be a simple and affordable solution in the fight to end malaria, but more funds are needed to test the idea, according to the startup behind it.
    Moctar Dembélé and Gérard Niyondiko, the brains behind Faso Soap, were awarded a $25,000 prize for their invention in 2013 when they became the first African winners of the Global Social Venture Competition at the University of California Berkeley. Yet Faso Soap must be tested to ensure it is safe for human use and effective at preventing malaria before it can be mass produced by soap manufacturers in Africa, said Franck Langevin, campaigns director for the Ouagadougou-based startup. The soap, created from natural oils and plants, could prove successful in preventing malaria as it would be cheap and rely on existing habits of African households, Langevin said. "People in Africa are very reluctant to change their habits, but soap is present in most homes, and is used for bathing, cleaning the house and washing clothes," he said.

    The soap is designed to repel mosquitoes up to six hours after being applied, and once soapy water is thrown away on the street, hinder the insects from breeding in stagnant water. "It is a simple and affordable weapon in the fight against malaria," Langevin told the Thomson Reuters Foundation. Last month, Faso Soap launched a crowd funding appeal for $113,000 to finalize the development of the soap with the aim of distributing it in six African countries hardest-hit by malaria by 2018, working with soap manufacturers and aid agencies.


    A photo provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows a female Aedes aegypti mosquito acquiring a blood meal from a human host.

    Last year, there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide with the mosquito-borne disease killing 438,000 people, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa. Jo Lines, reader of malaria control and vector biology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, praised the idea behind the soap, but said it would be dangerous to rely on an untested product to protect against malaria.

    As a social startup, Langevin said Faso Soap has struggled to attract funding from donors, including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations children's agency (UNICEF), prompting the inventors to turn to crowd funding. World leaders committed to ending malaria by 2030 when they adopted the Sustainable Development Goals last year. Europe last month became the first region to be declared malaria-free after reporting no indigenous cases in 2015, and a former WHO official said the world can eliminate the disease soon, but only with more investment to end and keep it at bay.

    http://www.voanews.com/content/mosqu...t/3327209.html

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    Malaria drug 'should stop for troops'...

    Lariam should be drug of last resort for troops, MPs say
    Tue, 24 May 2016 | Anti-malarial drug Lariam, which can cause severe side-effects, should be the "drug of last resort" for UK troops, MPs on the defence committee say.
    The drug has been prescribed to at least 17,000 service personnel at least once between April 2007 and March 2015. The MPs criticised the MoD over the way it issued the controversial drug, which can cause severe side-effects, including depression and anxiety. The MoD said the "vast majority of deployed personnel already receive alternatives to Lariam". Lariam - the brand name for mefloquine - is prescribed to civilians as well as troops.


    British soldiers in Helmand, Afghanistan

    While it is not the main anti-malarial drug used by the armed forces, critics argue its side-effects can be more detrimental to those serving in challenging and dangerous countries. Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease which causes fever, headaches, vomiting and diarrhoea and can be fatal. In 2015, it killed about 438,000 people and there were 214m cases of the disease, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, according to World Health Organization estimates.

    'Mass deployment'

    After a six-month inquiry, the defence select committee found the potential side-effects were clearly highlighted by manufacturers Roche, but there was "strong anecdotal evidence" that the stringent conditions laid down for prescription were often disregarded. Committee chairman Dr Julian Lewis said: "It seems quite clear that not only is the MoD unable to follow the manufacturer's guidelines for prescribing the drug in all instances, but a number of troops discard their Lariam rather than risk its potentially dangerous side-effects. "It is our firm conclusion that there is neither the need, nor any justification for continuing to issue this medication to service personnel unless they can be individually assessed, in accordance with the manufacturers' requirements. "And most of the time that is simply impossible, when a sudden, mass deployment of hundreds of troops is necessary."

    'Mad Monday'

    The drug's use had had " absolutely devastating psychological effects" in a small minority of cases," he told the BBC's Today Programme, and: "In a larger minority of cases there are disturbed nights, damaged sleep, psychological ideas that are unsettling and dangerous." "In reality the whole experience has been deeply unpleasant. So much so that phrases like 'mad Monday' or 'crazy Tuesday' are used amongst the armed forces when this stuff has been doled out in the past." The inquiry came after BBC Radio 4's Today programme revealed that a senior military medic had called on ministers to prescribe an alternative drug until it was clear that Lariam was safe.

    'I kept thinking about hanging myself'

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    WHO cuts back yellow fever vaccine dosage to eke out supplies...

    WHO backs cut in yellow fever vaccine dose to eke out supplies
    June 17, 2016 - World Health Organization advisers have recommended using a fifth of the standard dose of yellow fever vaccine in the event of a global shortage to combat the worst outbreak of the deadly disease in decades.
    Fears of a widening outbreak of the mosquito-borne disease were fuelled this week by a spike in cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which now says it has seen more than 1,000 suspected cases since March. "Experts agreed to propose if necessary, if there is a shortage of vaccine, to divide the vaccine by five," WHO spokesman Tarik Jasarevic said on Friday, reporting on a meeting this week. "One fifth of a dose according to their evidence would be sufficient to provide immunity for at least 12 months." Reuters previously reported that a move to stretch vaccine supplies in this was likely.


    Staff of the Teaching Hospital receiving the first vaccination treatment for yellow fever in El Geneina, West Darfur

    The normal full dose of the vaccine confers life-long protection and the WHO emphasised that the low dose endorsed by its independent experts was designed specifically for emergency mass vaccination, not for routine immunisation. More research is also needed to see if low doses will work for young children, who may have a weaker immune response, and practical challenges remain over obtaining the right syringes. The current yellow fever epidemic started in Angola but a major outbreak in the DRC's capital city of Kinshasa, which has a population of more than 12 million, is a big worry for healthcare officials.

    The global stockpile of yellow fever vaccines has already been depleted twice this year to immunize people in Angola, Uganda and the DRC. It currently stands at 6 million doses but this may not be enough if there are simultaneous outbreaks in multiple densely populated areas. Almost 18 million doses have been distributed for emergency vaccination campaigns so far in the three African countries. Concerns about limited vaccine supplies have been building for some time, with a group of medics calling for low-dose use in an article in The Lancet journal back in April.


    A mother holds her child suffering from yellow fever at a hospital in Luanda

    Yellow fever is transmitted by the same mosquitoes that spread the Zika and dengue viruses, although it is a much more serious disease. The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients. Although approximately 6 million vaccine doses are kept in reserve for emergencies, there is no quick way to boost output when there is a surge in demand since production, using chicken eggs, takes around 12 months. Manufacturers include the Institut Pasteur, government factories in Brazil and Russia, and French drugmaker Sanofi. The current outbreak of yellow fever was first detected in Angola in late December 2015.

    https://www.yahoo.com/news/experts-b...ce.html?ref=gs

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