America and Its Allies Nearly Destroyed Raqqa to Rescue It
This is an interesting article about Raqqa. The campaign to liberate it, left Raqqa in ruins. As more people move to urban areas, expect more urban warfare. The US is even creating military units to specialize in urban warfare.
Hell descended on this city twice: first when it was captured by Islamic State fighters in 2014 and made their capital, and then when it was liberated last year by U.S.-backed forces in a campaign that flattened much of the center of the city.
Photos and videos show the damage here, but they don't prepare you for the intensity of the destruction. Buildings are pulverized into rubble, block after block. Reconstruction in some areas is a distant prospect. It will take years just to clear away the shattered concrete and jungle of twisted rebar.
Raqqa experienced a ferocity of urban combat rarely seen since World War II. Think of newsreels of Stalingrad in 1943 or Berlin in 1945. Those cities are symbols of the fury of war and the cost of liberation, and Raqqa should be, too.
Raqqa's liberators were members of the Syrian Democratic Forces, a Kurdish-led militia that captured the city one building at a time. They surrounded Raqqa in late June and then squeezed it, ever tighter, until October, when resistance finally collapsed. Brave as they were, the SDF fighters couldn't have won without devastating fire support from U.S. warplanes, armed drones and artillery. It was a brutally effective combination. One of the last redoubts was the local hospital.
The Islamic State left a farewell message: The city is laced with IEDs, which have injured nearly 500 people since October, including more than 150 children.
Some unforgettable images emerged during a day-long tour of the city last week with U.S. Special Operations forces who directed the campaign: mass graves dug in a public amphitheater to intimidate adversaries, the midtown traffic circle where the Islamic State videoed its grisly executions for the Internet; the stadium where the jihadists tortured prisoners in underground dungeons. The Islamic State made the city a theater of death.